冬季战争的相关内容相信不少人已有所了解，芬兰做为一个小国，以其顽强的精神写下了世界战争史上不朽的一篇，暂且不论交战双方的对错，其战争进程本身就有许多值得我们不断去研究的兴趣。下面对冬季战争中芬兰的反坦克武器做一简要介绍，让我们一起通过武器本身去体会那血与火的岁月。
C[!MS5 从总体上来说，芬兰反坦克能力及期武器并不是非常的强大，但芬兰人勇敢顽强及其灵活的战术一定程度上补充了武器的不足。
bI)u / 反坦克炮
k67a'pmyJ 芬兰在冬季战争中使用的反坦克炮主要型号有：
6r: ?;j~l 37毫米的 PstK/36反坦克炮以及45毫米口号径的 PstK/32, PstK/37 和 PstK/38型火炮，20毫米的PstK/40自动火炮以及25毫米的PstK/37炮。
2`GE 先介绍37毫米的 PstK/36反坦克炮
{gNV[45 此种火炮由瑞典设计，著名的博福斯公司制造，是当时世界上使用非常普遍的一型火炮，于1932年生产出原型，最终于1934年定型，是一种世界公认的瑞典军队"37 mm Pansarvärnskanon m/34" 火炮，由其发展改进，产生了其变型m/38型 和 m/38F型火炮.
l1U=f] 1936年10月30日PstK/36反坦克炮成为芬兰军队一种主要型号的反坦克炮。芬兰购买了生产许可权，芬兰共有二个兵工制造厂开始生产37毫米PstK/36反坦克炮，一个工厂在Tampella，另一个工厂在VTT ("Valtion tykkitehdas"）是英国人的国家枪炮制造厂"The State gun factory"，由 Oy Crichton-Vulcan改造了这种火炮，为其装配上了轮子更利于机动。不只包括瑞典和芬兰，世界许多国家军队都采用了这种火炮，包括丹麦和
波兰。
7!y5
SX8C 芬兰于1938年第一次从两上兵工厂采购了156门的 PstK/36反坦克炮，由于这些火炮本身都有一些问题，芬兰从瑞典也购买一些此型火炮，其中一些是新型的m/38型。瑞典的m/38火炮与芬兰的m/36（包括瑞典的m/34）主要不同是火炮有一些制造上的改进：有一个波状的火炮防盾，使火炮更易于在战场伪装，火炮列放也更加稳定（有驻锄的作用-注），芬兰的火炮则没有这一特征。火炮的防盾4-5毫米厚，重46公斤，但样式不同于
德国和
苏联的样式，火炮防盾在两边没有向内保护炮手的部分。从瑞典购买的火炮都装有炮瞄镜，芬兰自已生产火炮的光学炮瞄镜则是从国外购买的。在冬季战争中因为资金紧张的原因，芬兰还得依靠他们自已的瞄准镜。其性能还可以，在约400米中等射程时能分清目标，但由于其性能还是有一些低，这样的机会也不太多。实际上，黄昏时在潮湿的空气中，瞄准镜更容易结霜而发挥不了太大的作用。
5}$b 0<em~ 在战争开始时，芬兰武装力量共计有98门37毫米反坦克炮，以下为其数量及产地分布情况：
K$K^=> I"o Guns bought from Sweden 37 K/34 48 guns
E37<"(; Produced by Tampella 37 K/36 18 guns
*=V7@o Produced by VTT 37 K/36 32 guns
K_?W\Yg Total 98 guns
W|:lVAP.|} 由于芬兰步兵部队反坦克枪的缺乏，反坦克炮配置更加靠近前线，这样做也导致了反坦克炮的大量损失。在冬季战争中因为各种原因共计损失了66门这种火炮，只剩余了三分之一37毫米反坦克炮。由于芬兰国内炮弹生产困难（小国啊-译注），从瑞典采购了32000发炮弹。需要注意的是在冬季战争中瑞典是其炮弹补给的主要来源，在继战中也从国外购买炮弹。37毫米的 PstK/36反坦克炮经过战争证明非常有效，其穿甲弹几乎能射穿全部苏联坦克的装甲（我想这主要是由于其使时距离坦克已经非常近的关系，看过芬兰人拍摄的冬季战争电影就应当有所了解-译注）。
m!z|h9Ed 这种反坦克炮主要用于400-600米射程（证实了我的猜想-译注），有未被认定的记录说在1700米（也有说2000米）第7反坦克炮兵营（Pst.Os.7原来咱分不清什么规模，只译做部队，现在可以确定是一个营-译注）在靠近国境的拉多加湖用该型火炮催毁了一辆T-37坦克。
!+)AeDc:j 该炮的性能数据：
Eodn/ Caliber: 37 mm
UO* Ymj
1 Barrel length: 45 Cal. or 1 736 mm (incl. muzzle brake)
G$0c '9d*( Weight in firing position: 370 kg
54-#QIx| Height of barrel in firing position: 625 mm
\#-W
< Gun height: 1 030 mm
<GHYt#GIZ+ Width: 1 090 mm
|2\{z{? Traverse: 26°
m'\ 2:mDu0 Elevation: - 10° , + 25°
`LAR@a5i Max. ROF: 30 r.p.m.
l
{jmlT Practical ROF: 12 r.p.m.
e!Y0-=?nf# Muzzle velocity: 830 m/s
vx_o(wof Max. range: 4.5 km
jcNT<}k
C Max. practical range vs. tank:
(/-hu[ : 0.9 km
iy.2A!f^. Max. practical range vs. inf.position: 1.5 km
*KY=\
%D 可以使用4种类型炮弹：
Ghl'nqPlm - AP-shot ("panssariammus" in Finnish), weighed 1.45 kg , from which the projectile weight was 0.7 kg
P}ok*{"J<> - AP-HE shell ("panssarikranaatti" in Finnish)
.h &k jD - Fragmentation shell ("sirpalekranaatti" in Finnish)
Y{v(p7pl - practice shot ("harjoitusammus" in Finnish)
V7 G7&' 其穿甲弹性能数据：
9Y>8= #.c AP-projectile (0.7 kg) with the muzzle velocity was 870 m/s
lv vs%@b> when the armor plate was at an 60° angle
Y HSYu 重量：0.7 kg，初速870 m/s，60度着角时其穿透装置甲数据
HHX-1+ L 射程： 300 m 500 m 1 000 m
7QKr_ Gun manual（火炮手册） 40 mm 33 mm 18 mm
Y)N-V
]5L Test firing in 1943（43年测试数据）
8d*/HF)h 42 mm 37 mm 28 mm
a22Mufl 以下为原文
b^ D$jY This Swedish gun design, made by Bofors, was at its time one of the most sophisticated AT-guns in the world. The first prototype was produced in 1932, and the final version in 1934. The weapon was accepted into the Swedish Army as the "37 mm Pansarvärnskanon m/34". In time, some improvements were made to the original type, resulting in the m/38 and m/38F.
"H -" In 30 October 1936, the gun was accepted as the primary AT-weapon for the Finnish Defense Forces, and the license was bought. In Finland, two factories were to start the production of the 37 K/36. One was Tampella, and the other VTT ("Valtion tykkitehdas", "The State gun factory" in English). Oy Crichton-Vulcan produced the gun mount and the wheels for the guns. In addition to Finland and Sweden, many other countries adopted the Bofors gun, among them Denmark and Poland
*_ E|@y The first order from the Finnish Army, 156 guns, was placed in 1938, with the two factories. As there were constant problems in getting the production started, Finland bought also guns from Sweden, many of which were of the newer m/38 type.
ydw)mT44K The main difference between the Swedish m/38 and Finnish m/36 (and also the Swedish m/34) was that the former had an improvement that wasn't adapted to the Finnish production: a wavelike upper edge of the gun shield, making it easier to camouflage and harder to spot . Finnish produced guns didn't have this feature. The gun shield was 4 - 5 mm thick (weight 46 kg), but unlike the current German and Soviet designs, the Bofors gun shields didn't offer any protection from the side.
-C(b,F%% The guns that were bought or supplied from Sweden had the targeting scopes attached. For the Finnish produced guns, the optics had to be bought from abroad, so for financial reasons, they fought the Winter War relying on their collimators. This wasn't as bad as it's sounds, as experience showed that up to medium range of some 400 m, the scope wasn't very superior. In fact, in the dark hours, the collimator was better as the lens of the scope easily frosted over in damp air.
oI)GKA_Ng7 Guns bought from Sweden 37 K/34 48 guns
c|F[.;cR Produced by Tampella 37 K/36 18 guns
Yt|6
X:l Produced by VTT 37 K/36 32 guns
p ~noM/*2r Total 98 guns
[V'Qrc CF As the Finnish infantry lacked AT-rifles, the AT-guns had to be deployed relatively close to the front-line, resulting in heavy losses. Of the 37 mm AT-guns, 66 were lost in the Winter War for various reasons, a little over a third of the total number of 37 mm AT-guns.
6 3`{.yZ*z As the domestic shell production was also in trouble, the base stock of shells, 32 000, was bought from Sweden. Note that throughout the Winter War, Sweden was the main source for shell supply. Even during the Continuation War some shells had to be bought from abroad.
+dA ,P\ The gun proved highly effective. The AP-projectile penetrated the armor of all Soviet tanks used in the Winter War
OO?]qZa1 While the gun was mostly used at ranges of 400 - 600 meters, the unofficial record was 1 700 meters(other source says 2 000 m), when a gun of the 7th AT-detachment (Pst.Os.7 in Finnish) destroyed a T-37 on the ice of Lake Ladoga near Taipale.
SS`qJZ|w M?&h~V1OI~ 下面火炮注意前部有便于牵引的炮车
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{k 波状的火炮防盾
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H$G0`LP0/a I;Vu W 历史照
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